How back-to-back hurricanes harm mental health

Lori Tennant stands outside of her home that was damaged from Hurricane Milton at the Meadowbrook mobile home community in Lakeland, Fla. on Thursday, Oct. 10, 2024. Research shows that experiencing repeated disasters makes people more vulnerable to mental health issues, and prolongs the time it takes to recover. (Nicole Craine/The New York Times)

By Emily Schmall

As Hurricane Milton battered Florida’s Gulf Coast this month, Chloe Ottani followed the news with horror from her parents’ Connecticut home. She had just evacuated her apartment at the University of Tampa for the second time in two weeks.

Ottani and other students were evacuated as Milton morphed into a Category 5 storm. The mayor of Tampa, Jane Castor, warned that day that those who remained in evacuation zones were “going to die.”

“I haven’t put my phone down for the last 24 hours,” Ottani, 21, said on Oct. 10. By then, the hurricane had landed as a Category 3 storm, cutting a path of death and destruction as it crossed Central Florida before returning to sea.

For Ottani and other Gulf Coast residents, this and other recent storms have taken a toll on their mental health. In 2022, Hurricane Ian pulverized large swathes of southwestern Florida. Toward the end of September, Hurricane Helene tore through many of the same communities as a Category 4 storm before plowing north through Georgia and into the Blue Ridge Mountains. With wreckage from Helene still piled up on street corners, many Floridians fled or fortified their homes once more as Milton, one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes ever, approached.

Living through a single major hurricane can cause anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress. And experiencing repeated disasters, particularly in a short period of time, can exacerbate those effects, making people more vulnerable to mental health issues and prolonging the time it takes for them to recover emotionally. One study of Florida residents who lived through Hurricanes Irma and Michael in 2017 and 2018 found that experiencing two hurricanes in such close succession compounded their psychological distress.

“It traps people in this cycle of anxiety and trauma,” said Laura Wright, a psychologist and the training director of counseling services at Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers.

Before Milton hit, Wright, her partner and her 16-year-old son drove 90 miles to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, leaving behind a 100-year-old home. They had just finished fixing the damage caused by Hurricane Ian two years ago and dreaded the condition they might find it in after Milton passed.

“My family and I are pretty exhausted from the back-to-back storm stress,” she said soon afterward.

In the days before the hurricane, Wright described feeling “anticipatory anxiety” — not knowing what was going to happen and fearing the worst.

“It’s like waiting for the ball to drop. You can’t relax,” said Becky Mossoney, a retiree who lives in Lake Suzy, Florida. Mossoney kept herself busy the day before the hurricane made landfall by filling her bathtub with water and her freezer with ice, and by coordinating with neighbors to fuel up a generator in their community clubhouse. The community was left without power for 12 days after Hurricane Ian, and this storm was predicted to be even more damaging.

Those who evacuated described feeling helpless and fearful for those unable to leave.

“It’s really hard to see and know that people are not safe, no matter what. It just keeps happening and happening,” said Mia Petrucci, a student at Florida Gulf Coast University who evacuated campus to stay at her parents’ Fort Lauderdale home. Petrucci and another student formed a mental health support group on campus meant to address, in part, students’ trauma from Hurricane Ian. With the advent of Milton, they were hearing from students who felt anxious about how long they would be kept from campus.

The mental health impacts of back-to-back storms can be magnified for people without financial resources to recover damaged homes or vehicles, or to recoup lost income from businesses being closed. It can also lead to paralyzing fear in young people unaccustomed to having to make major decisions, like whether to evacuate, said Melissa Brymer, director of the terrorism and disaster programs at the UCLA and Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.

“Home feels so far away in these moments when you can’t go home. That isolation, and the burden of their choice, causes incredible anxiety,” she said.

Ottani said she chose the University of Tampa for its design program and great weather. But her college experience has been marked by fear and grief over the tremendous damage southwestern Florida has sustained from recent storms. In the wake of Hurricane Helene, she helped her neighbors in Tampa clear out their waterlogged homes, tossing their destroyed furniture onto the curb after the storm had passed. Two weeks later, she listened as a county sheriff urged people to write their names in permanent marker on their bodies as another major hurricane approached.

“It has really affected my academics but also my well-being,” she said. “It is extremely hard to worry about school when you are terrified for your life and the city that you love.”